Causes And Treatment Of Sepsis - 1573 Words

‘Sepsis’, a lame man might hear of this word and have no clue or whatsoever of what this is – but in the real world it’s not something to be happy about and has been a major issue in the medical field. Sepsis is a complex condition which doesn’t have a specific definition, diagnosis or treatment but one thing the medical practitioners are specific of is the origin. Sepsis is from a Greek word called â€Å"Sepo† which means â€Å"decay† idiomatically known as â€Å"Blood poisoning† (Steen C., 2009). The medical field defines it as â€Å"Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) resulting from the presence of pathogens or their toxins as in septicaemia that occurs during an infected state.† (Sepsis Alliance, 2014). It is caused by a systematized†¦show more content†¦The organisms involved are staphylococcus and pseudomonas sp. About 60% of patients are as a result of cell membrane of gram-negative bacteria and 40% of gram-positive bacteria attach to binding protein on exterior immune cells identified by â€Å"CD14† receptors (Dob et al. 2007). Perrin (2009) suggested that that the body react to sepsis in three different phases; â€Å"inflammation, thrombosis/coagulation and Fibrinolysis†. The inflammatory phase of sepsis white blood cells discharges â€Å"proinflammatory cytokines†, neutrophils and bacteria stimulates the â€Å"proinflammatory cytokines† in severe sepsis however damaging the endothelium stimulating the coagulation cascade. Thrombosis is produced as the coagulation cascade is being stimulated giving rise to â€Å"procoagulant state† and â€Å"endothelial damage†. The final phase; fibrinolysis is slowed resulting to an interruption between clot development and disintegration balance, the imbalance leads to systemic inflammation. Inflammatory Cascade is the throbbing, reddishness, swelling and loss of function in the body which is constantly under attack from aggressive organism but nevertheless has the power to fight such attacks (Steen C., 2009). This is a normal phenomenon because it helps protect the body from injury and endurance from infection and as time goes on the aggressive organism is weakened which makes the body stable and healthy. There are three stages

Evaluate Sociological Explanation of the Relationship Free Essays

Evaluate sociological explanation of the relationship between gender and religious beliefs and practice. (33marks) Within religion, there are clear gender differences. In some regions, women aren’t to show any parts of their bare skin and are most certainly not allowed to become figures of religious authority, whereas in other religions, women are able to dress as they please and progress to one day become figures of religious authority. We will write a custom essay sample on Evaluate Sociological Explanation of the Relationship or any similar topic only for you Order Now This difference in religion is also apparent in religious beliefs and religious participation. With regards to religious activity, and beliefs in God, sin, evil and life after death, generally speaking, more women than men participate in such activities. For example, in 2005 it was found that 1. 8million women in England were churchgoers, whereas only 1. 36million men were. Miller and Hoffman support this by finding that women express a greater interest in religion, have stronger personal commitment to it and attend church more, and this applies to all ages, religious organisations and faiths. Bruce estimates that there are twice as many women than men involved in sects. Some sociologists have seen this difference in religious activity and beliefs as being connected to the different ways of which men and women see God – the god of love and forgiveness or the God of power and control. Sociologists have put forward several explanations for the gender differences in religious beliefs and practices, but most tend to focus on the reason for women’s relatively high level of participation and men’s low levels. Miller and Hoffman state that women are more religious because they are socialised to be more passive, obedience and caring – qualities that are valued by most religions, and it’s claimed that this is the reason why women are more likely to be attracted to religion then men. Men who are seen to have these qualities are also more likely to be religious, so perhaps it is not so much about the gender, and it is the way of which you are socialised. Miller and Hoffman also noted that women are more likely to have part time jobs, whilst also being fall time carers, so as a consequence of this, they have more room for organising their time to participate in religious activities. Women are also more likely to be attracted to the church as a source of gender identity. Greeley argues that taking care of other family members increases religiosity in women because it involves responsibility to ‘ultimate’ welfare as well as everyday needs. Similarly, Davie argues women’s closer proximity to both births – because they are those who give irth to their babies, as well as death because they are more likely to be the ones to look after the elderly when they are on their deathbeds. This brings them closer to ‘ultimate’ questions about the meaning of life that religions are ultimately concerned with. This also fits back in with the different ways men and women come to see God. Women are more often associ ated with nature, and the healing role, because of this they may be more attracted than men to New Age Movements in particular. For example, Heelas and Woodhead found that 80% of participants in Holistic Milieu in Kendal are females, this is because such movements often celebrate the ‘natural’ and involve cults of healing which give women higher status and a sense of self-worth. Bruce argues women’s experience of child rearing makes them less aggressive and goal-oriented , as well as being more cooperative and caring, making them more attractive to New Age Movements. Men wish to achieve what women feel. Women may be attracted to New Age Movements because they emphases on the importance of being authentic, rather than merely acting out roles. Callum Brown argues New Age ‘self’-religion’s appeal to women’s wishes for autonomy and therefore attract women recruits. Women also on the other hand may be attracted to fundamentalism because of their certainties of a traditional gender role that it presents for them. Glock Stark, as well as Stark and Bainbridge argue that people may participate in religion because it compensates for social, organismic and ethical deprivation, which a person may be gaining a sense of. Glock and Stark argue these forms of deprivation are all common along women and this explains their higher levels of sect membership then men. Organismic deprivation stems from physical and mental health problems. Women are more likely to suffer ill health and seek healing through religion, and thus therefore more likely to join sects. With regards to ethical deprivation, women tend to be more morally conservative and thus are more likely to regard the world as being in moral decline and for this reason are attracted to sects, where their views are often shared. Social deprivation suggests that women are more likely to be poor, and this explains why there are more women than men in sects, since Sects try to gain their following from the poorer members of society. Feminists view religion as being mainly patriarchal. Many claim that religion is a patriarchal institution that systematically benefits males over females, for example in the sacred texts, where women are often unnamed. Alongside this, in almost all religions, the gods are all male, which suggests they claim women, have no power and sacred texts were also written and have been interpreted by males, and thus incorporate traditional male stereotypes and biases towards women. In some versions of Islam, women are not allowed to divorce their husbands, but their husbands may do so by saying so three times, alongside this, their husbands are allowed to have up to three other wives. In other religions, such as the catholic church, women aren’t allowed to have any involvement in religious practices other than becoming a nun, who is still seen as being subordinate in accordance to the other roles available for men, and they are also can participate in mass and so on by adopting their role as the Laity – women cannot become priests. In the church of England, women can become priests since the 90s, and in the church of Scotland, they could have become priests as early as the 1960s. Holms claim that the basis for women’s subordination is their sexuality. Menstruation is generally thought of to make a woman unclean and thus polluting holy places. This is why Hindu women are not allowed to go near family shrines when they are menstruating or pregnant. Muslim women are not allowed to come into contact with the Koran or enter the mosque whilst there are menstruating also. El Sadaawi claims that religion in itself is not oppressive towards women, women’s religious subordination stems from their oppression in the wider society. For example, the Bible and Koran were written in extremely patriarchal societies and scriptures used to justify and reinforce their position. Feminists point out that male and female characters in the Bible were not portrayed equally. Tough. Among the traditional regions, Aldridge points out that Quakers and Unitarians are very committed to gender equality, for example back in the 19th century, the Unitarians began ordaining women. 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Neo Malthusian Dilemma Principle of Population

Question: Discuss about theNeo Malthusian Dilemma for Principle of Population. Answer: Introduction Neo-Malthusian dilemma was a theory proposed by Thomas Robert Malthus in his study of population. According to Malthus he proposed that the human population is increasing in a geometrical ratio while on the other hand food production or resources are increasing in a slow arithmetic ratio and to control the imbalance, the human population has to be stopped either through want or through other vices. He noted that the population was so powerful than the earths ability to produce food that could sustain it. This theory is often referred to as the principle of population (Ebanks, (2007). Vices are a sure way of depopulating the earth to subsistence levels. According to Ebanks (2007) he states that if vices are unable to control the human population then there are other ways that this can be done through calamities such as sickly seasons, plague and pestilence can sweep the earths human population in thousands or tens of thousands. If this is not effective still massive famines can balance the human population with the food levels in one blow. What Malthus meant is that the human population is controlled or restricted by the resources available. As a citizen of England Malthus noted that country was headed for tragedy and therefore he made it his duty to warn his fellow citizens of the impending tragedy ahead of them. He observed that there was the unusual similarity between breeding animals carefully and the careless breeding of human race. He based his analysis on existing biological facts where any biological life can increase to uncontrollable levels. He proposed that England was facing a shortage of food supply owing to the World War 2 which had made the countrys population to decline at high rates (Darity, 2008). But in the early 1900s food production increased as a result of increased agricultural activities and once again the population started to increase rapidly to uncontrollable levels. In Primentel and Nielsen works they discovered that the human population was increasing in rates that supposed the food production. What this meant was that the earth was in a dilemma of not being able to sustain its human population. An instance is the population in early 2000 where it was reported that the death rate of the children in the developing countries was 11 million annually with the cause of death being diseases that are preventable (Kirkby, O'Keefe Howorth, 2010). From the report it shows that a dilemma or catastrophe was underway. In this case the vice can be described in terms of high infant mortality, malnutrition, diseases, political uncertainties, inadequate clean water and poor sanitation. To address the issue of an impending catastrophe such as famine reports have shown that the world food production has increased especially in areas that were most affected. An instance is in South Asia where almost half of the land wad degraded and no longer fit for food production. In china the population is growing rapidly and the productive land is declining at an irreversible rate of 27% every year. In Madagascar 30% of the food productive land is now regarded as barren (Curran Agardy, 2012). Form recent reports it is reported that the number of obese people is rising continuously outnumbering the number of malnourished people in both the developed and developing countries. Solving the Problem According to demographic reports the human population is expected to double every 25 years this means that resources will be pushed to the limits and a time will come when the earth will no longer be able to sustain the human population. In recent demographic reports the Neo-Malthusian dilemma has manifested itself in the current century where the world population is growing at the rate of 500 million after every year (United Nations, 2005). In some areas of the world other than Africa the low levels of food production has led to increased poverty levels which has threatened the sustainability levels. In order to escape the dilemma it is necessary that precaution taken to reduce the human population. Organizations such as United Nations have programs that help deal with such a situation. The Program of Action by the United Nations and the Social Equity and Changing Productions Patterns: An Integrated Approach.( United Nations, 2005). By The Economic Commission for Caribbean and Latin America (United Nations, 2005) are some of the notable preventable actions that can be taken. The possible causes of the food imbalances in countries such as Latin America and Caribbean are the urbanization. Despite the fact that population distribution is very important still there are impending dangers to the situation. With rural-urban migration it causes the population to be concentrated in small areas making the resources to be scarce to the population (Curran Agardy, 2012). In most of these areas poverty is high and people are unable to support themselves considering the fact that food is scarce in these areas. Through depopulating these regions it will be help ease of the impending Malthus dilemma. Creating new cities or upgrading of the rural developments can discourage the uncontrolled rural-urban migration in countries. This way populations can be distributed evenly to ensure that there is sustainable food production. Through controlling the population growth it will be a great step in solving the Malthus dilemma. Because the population is an important aspect of the dilemma then controlling it will help solve the problem. Making the people aware of the need for adapting birth control measures it will be easy to have the population in check to match the current food production. Being part of a sustainable world is important in controlling population and even slows it to prevent population outbursts. The root cause of the dilemma is resources. Most of the resources in the current world are non-renewable. According to reports in 2008 90% of the energy used in the world is non-renewable. Thus the main problem does not lie in controlling the population alone but in solving the issue of resources first. Solving the resources issue will help in solving the sustainability problem of the human population. Governments of countries should therefore work together to solve the challenge on sustainable living i n the world. References Ebanks, G. (2007). Neo-Malthusian dilemma (2nd ed.). London, Canada: Population Studies Centre, University of Western Ontario. Darity, W. A. (2008). International encyclopedia of the social sciences. Detroit, Mich: Macmillan Reference USA. Kirkby, J., O'Keefe, P., Howorth, C. (2010). Introduction: rethinking environment and development in Africa and Asia. Land Degradation Development, 12, 3, 195-203. Gemenne, F., Barnett, J., Adger, W. N., Dabelko, G. D. (2014). Climate and security: evidence, emerging risks, and a new agenda. Climatic Change : an Interdisciplinary, International Journal Devoted to the Description, Causes and Implications of Climatic Change, 123, 1, 1-9. Curran, S. R., Agardy, T. ( 2012). Common Property Systems, Migration, and Coastal Ecosystems. Ambio: a Journal of the Human Environment, 31, 4, 303-305. United Nations. (2005). World population prospects: The 2002 revision. New York: United Nations.